Non-ferrous metals cover aluminum (electrolysis, casting, rolling, extrusion), copper (electrorefining, drawing, rolling), zinc, nickel and titanium. Hydro (NO, aluminum), Aurubis (DE, Europe's #1 copper smelter), Glencore, Vale and Rio Tinto are industry giants. Aluminum die-casting GEMM Pfaudler, KraussMaffei; copper electrolysis Outotec.
Non-ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals cover aluminum (electrolysis, casting, rolling), copper (electrorefining, drawing), zinc, nickel a...
Non-ferrous metals cover aluminum (electrolysis, casting, rolling), copper (electrorefining, drawing), zinc, nickel and titanium. Hydro, Norsk Hydro, Aurubis, Glencore and Vale are industry giants.
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FAQ
Q Primary vs secondary aluminum?
A
Primary (electrolysis) consumes 14 MWh/t. Secondary (recycling) uses only 5% energy with 90% CO2 reduction. EU 2030 target: 50% secondary share. Hydro and Aurubis are scaling recycling capacity.
Q Copper demand drivers?
A
Electrification (EV 80 kg Cu vs ICE 25 kg), renewables (PV 5 t/MW, wind 4 t/MW), grid upgrades. LME copper at 8000-9000 USD/t.
Q Chinese rare earths for Germany?
A
China supplies 60%+ of global REE; German processing and permanent magnets (VAC, Magsys) depend on Chinese ore. EU Critical Raw Materials Act 2024 drives diversification.